短语动词(一):动副结构与宾语位置
动词 + 副词构成的短语,宾语放中间还是放后面有硬规则。
give up / turn off / put on + 宾语;代词宾语必须放中间
要点
  1. 动副短语(动词 + 副词):give up,turn on/off,put on,take off,pick up,write down。
  2. 宾语是名词时,放中间或放后面都可以:turn off the light = turn the light off。
  3. 宾语是代词(it / them)时,必须放中间:turn it off(不能说 turn off it)。
  4. 动介短语(动词 + 介词,如 listen to / look after)宾语只能放介词后面:look after it(不能 look it after)。
  5. 判断技巧:后面能直接跟宾语的是动副结构;必须先接宾语再跟另一成分的是动介结构。
  6. 指示代词 this / that 单独做宾语时也只能放中间:turn that off(不说 turn off that);只有带名词的宾语才两头都行(turn off that light)。
  7. 有的动副短语不带宾语,整块就是一件事:He sat down. / Please hurry up. —— 这一类没有宾语,也就没有"代词放哪儿"的麻烦。
  8. 还有"动 + 副 + 介"三层结构:put up with(忍受)、look forward to(盼望)、get along with(相处融洽)—— 宾语只能挂在最后那个介词后面,中间的副词拆不走(put up with his noise)。
例句
Please turn off the lights when you leave.
离开时请关灯。
Here is your coat. Put it on.
这是你的外套,穿上吧。
She gave up smoking last year.
她去年戒烟了。
I picked up the wallet and handed it in to the teacher.
我捡起钱包交给了老师。
We had to put up with the noise for two weeks.
我们只好忍受那噪音两个星期。
I look forward to hearing from you.
我期待收到你的回信。
易错提示
  • 代词宾语放中间是硬规则:把 it 挑出来放短语动词中间就对了(write it down / take them off)。
  • pick up 的宾语是代词时:pick it up(不是 pick up it)。
  • 短语动词的引申义要整块记:give up(放弃)不是"给上去"、put off(推迟)不是"放下"、pick up 除了"捡起"还有"接人、学会" —— 字面义之外那一层才是考点。
  • look forward to 结尾那个 to 是介词,后面接名词或 -ing:I look forward to hearing from you.(不写 to hear)—— 同族的还有 pay attention to、be used to doing(习惯于),它与 used to do(过去常常)不是一回事。