分词作定语、状语、补语
分词短语相当于一个简化了的从句,可作定语、状语或补语。
Seen from the hill, … / the boy standing there
要点
  1. 现在分词表主动、进行;过去分词表被动、完成。
  2. 单个分词作定语一般前置,分词短语作定语要后置。
  3. 分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语必须是主句的主语。
  4. 分词作宾补常见于 see / hear / keep / have 之后。
  5. 分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
  6. 分词短语作状语能改回从句自查:Seeing him = When I saw him、Seen from the hill = If it is seen from the hill —— 改不回去的那句多半用错了。
  7. 要说"先做完再做下一件",用 having done:Having finished his work, he went home. —— 一般式分词看不出先后,having 把先后标出来。
  8. with + 名词 + 分词是另一种自带主语的写法:He sat with his eyes closed. / With the work done, everyone left. —— 这一格与独立主格挨着,区别在它挂着 with。
例句
The boy standing there is my brother.
站在那边的那个男孩是我弟弟。
Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.
从山上看,这座小镇很美。
Hearing the news, she jumped with joy.
听到这个消息,她高兴得跳了起来。
I kept the machine running all night.
我让机器开了一整夜。
Having finished his homework, he went out to play.
做完作业,他出去玩了。
With the work done, everyone left the office.
活干完了,大家都离开了办公室。
易错提示
  • 分词作状语先找逻辑主语:主语是「被看」用 Seen,是「看」用 Seeing。
  • 逻辑主语对不上就是垂悬分词,写作里的常见错误。
  • 作宾补时"主动 / 进行"用 -ing、"被动 / 完成"用 -ed:I saw the house being built.(正建)/ I had my car repaired.(修好了)—— 两格意思不同。
  • 句首分词找不到逻辑主语就是垂悬,修法只有两条:把主句主语换成能做那件事的人,或者干脆补成从句(When I was young, …)。